Aging is a universal process that shapes our bodies and brains, influencing molecular and cellular function to neural systems and behavior. Age-related decline in cognitive function and behavior has been well-documented, and yet there are some individuals who are “super-agers” and maintain exceptional memory and cognitive function, performing like individuals who are decades younger. At the same time, aging increases the vulnerability to specific neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. What are the neural mechanisms that may underlie these large differences in cognitive outcomes? This course will go through the biological, neurological and cognitive changes associated with nonpathological aging and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.